Opportunity Atlas · Cook County, Illinois

The Geography of
Opportunity in Cook County

For every census tract in Cook County, the mean adult household-income percentile reached by children raised in low-income families (parents at the 25th percentile). Each shape is one of 1,318 census tracts; bluer tracts lift poor children higher, redder tracts hold them lower. Thin lines trace Chicago's 77 community areas; hover any tract for its neighborhood or suburb.

Variable: kfr_pooled_pooled_p25 · Opportunity Atlas, 1978–83 birth cohorts
p46.5
White kids' mean rank
p33.5
Black kids' mean rank
90.8%
of shared tracts favor White kids
11.4
avg. White−Black gap (pts)
Click a tract to zoom in · drag to pan · ⌘/Ctrl + scroll to zoom
p29p52+ mean adult income rank of low-income children (by tract)
Where poor children rise in Cook County. Mean adult household-income percentile of children raised at the 25th parental-income percentile, by the census tract where they grew up. Thin lines: Chicago community-area boundaries; italic labels: suburbs. More neighborhood names appear as you zoom in. Gray: insufficient data. Source: Opportunity Atlas tract outcomes (kfr_pooled_pooled_p25); tracts & municipalities: U.S. Census; community areas: City of Chicago.
THE RACIAL DIVIDE

Two children, one tract

Because the Atlas reports outcomes separately by race, we can ask a sharper question of Cook County: within the same census tract, do Black and White children from equally poor families (parents at the 25th percentile) reach the same place in adulthood? Each dot below is one of 729 Cook County tracts where the Atlas measured both. If the neighborhood offered the same opportunity, the dots would crowd the diagonal.

They do not. In 90.8% of these tracts, the White child grew up to out-earn the Black child from a family of comparable income — by about 11 percentiles on average. The same map of opportunity is not the same opportunity for everyone living on it.

And the divide is driven more by sons than daughters. Splitting the same comparison by sex: among daughters the White child ends higher in 88.7% of tracts; among sons, 92.5%, with a wider average gap. Use the dropdown to spotlight one neighborhood across all three charts.

All children · pooled across sex
Black vs. White children from the same tract, same parental income (p25). One dot per tract; dots below the diagonal (red) are tracts where White children ended up higher. 729 tracts · 90.8% below the line. Source: Opportunity Atlas, kfr_white_pooled_p25 & kfr_black_pooled_p25.
Daughters · female
Black vs. White daughters. 451 tracts · 88.7% below the line. Source: Opportunity Atlas, kfr_white_female_p25 & kfr_black_female_p25.
Sons · male
Black vs. White sons. 451 tracts · 92.5% below the line — the widest gap of the three. Source: Opportunity Atlas, kfr_white_male_p25 & kfr_black_male_p25.
WHERE THE DIVIDE IS

Mapping the gap

The scatter shows the gap exists; the map shows where it bites hardest. Each tract is shaded by the difference between White and Black children's mean adult rank — deep red where White children pull furthest ahead, blue in the minority of tracts where Black children end higher.

Black higherWhite higher (large gap) White − Black mean rank, by tract
The White–Black opportunity gap across Cook County. Tract-level difference in mean adult income rank (White − Black) for children raised at the 25th percentile. 729 tracts have both estimates; gray where one is missing. Source: Opportunity Atlas, kfr_white_pooled_p25 − kfr_black_pooled_p25.
DISTRIBUTIONS

The whole distribution, by race

Pooling every Cook County tract and comparing across racial groups yields distinct distributions of the mean adult rank. Black children cluster lowest, White and Asian children highest, Hispanic children in between — the curves barely overlap.

Distribution of tract-level outcomes for low-income children, by race. Each curve is the distribution across Cook County tracts of the mean adult income rank; ticks mark group means. Source: Opportunity Atlas, kfr_[race]_pooled_p25.

Splitting White and Black by sex shows the gap is wider among sons than daughters — the Black–White distance between the mean ticks grows from roughly 14 percentiles for daughters to about 15 for sons.

Daughters · female
White vs. Black daughters. Distribution across Cook County tracts. kfr_white_female_p25 & kfr_black_female_p25.
Sons · male
White vs. Black sons. Distribution across Cook County tracts. kfr_white_male_p25 & kfr_black_male_p25.

Across Cook County, the same neighborhoods that lift poor White children toward the middle class leave their Black neighbors about eleven percentiles behind — a gap that widens for sons and runs from the South and West Sides through much of the suburbs. A ZIP code summarizes opportunity well; it is not the same opportunity for everyone who lives in it.

Notes & data